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الجمعة، 5 نوفمبر 2010

BOTULISM


BOTULISM

Botulism is an intoxication caused by the toxins of Clostridium botulinum. With the exceptions of vultures, most birds are susceptible. The clinical signs appear within a few hours to several days. Flaccid paresis of legs, wings, necks and eyelids is observed. The paresis is rapidly progressing to paralysis and the birds fall into a deep coma with neck and head typically extended forward. There are no typical gross lesions. The treatment with selenium, vitamins A, D and E as well as with some antibiotics as chlortetracycline, bacitracin etc. could reduce mortality rate.
160.Botulism Is An Intoxication Caused By The Toxins Of Clostridium Botulinum. With The Exceptions Of Vultures, Most Birds Are Susceptible. The Clinical Signs Appear Within A Few Hours To Several Days. Flaccid Paresis Of Legs, Wings, Necks And Eyelids Is Observed. The Paresis Is Rapidly Progressing To Paralysis And The Birds Fall Into A Deep Coma With Neck And Head Typically Extended Forward. There Are No Typical Gross Lesions. The Treatment With Selenium, Vitamins A, D And E As Well As With Some Antibiotics As Chlortetracycline, Bacitracin Etc. Could Reduce Mortality Rate.
 
Spirochaetosis is a septicaemic disease characterized by depression, progressive paresis, paralysis and inflammatory necrobiotic changes in parenchymal organs and the gastrointestinal tract. The birds are depressed, cyanotic; greenish diarrhoea with considerable amounts of urates is observed.
161Spirochaetosis Is A Septicaemic Disease Characterized By Depression, Progressive Paresis, Paralysis And Inflammatory Necrobiotic Changes In Parenchymal Organs And The Gastrointestinal Tract. The Birds Are Depressed, Cyanotic; Greenish Diarrhoea With Considerable Amounts Of Urates Is Observed.
 
The transmission of spirochaetosis is related to the distribution of the fowl tick Argas persicus that is the reservoir and main vector. Hens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants etc. from all ages are susceptible. At a later stage, paresis and paralysis are developing, the birds become somnolent and comatose.
162The Transmission Of Spirochaetosis Is Related To The Distribution Of The Fowl Tick Argas Persicus That Is The Reservoir And Main Vector. Hens, Turkeys, Geese, Ducks, Pheasants Etc. From All Ages Are Susceptible. At A Later Stage, Paresis And Paralysis Are Developing, The Birds Become Somnolent And Comatose.
 
After removal of plumage, the ticks, adhered to the skin, are discovered. The aetiological agent is Borrelia anserina, a highly motile spirochaete with 5-8 coils. The organism is not resistant outside the host and could exist only in some vector.
163After Removal Of Plumage, The Ticks, Adhered To The Skin, Are Discovered. The Aetiological Agent Is Borrelia Anserina, A Highly Motile Spirochaete With 5-8 Coils. The Organism Is Not Resistant Outside The Host And Could Exist Only In Some Vector.
 
. A typical finding for spiro¬chaetosis is the enlarged spleen with marble-like appearance. A. persicus remains infective for over 430 days and transmit spiro-chaetes to its progeny. Spirochaetes could be identified in Giemsa-stained blood smears. In the late stage of the disease, spirochaetes could not be detected.
164. A Typical Finding For Spiro¬Chaetosis Is The Enlarged Spleen With Marble-Like Appearance. A. Persicus Remains Infective For Over 430 Days And Transmit Spiro-Chaetes To Its Progeny. Spirochaetes Could Be Identified In Giemsa-Stained Blood Smears. In The Late Stage Of The Disease, Spirochaetes Could Not Be Detected.
 
The liver is often enlarged, mottled with necroses of a various size and marginal infarctions. Usually, bile-coloured mucoid enteritis is observed. The arsenics as well as some antibiotics including tylosin, tetracycline and penicillin are effective for treatment of infected birds. The application of vaccines is successful, but the acquired immunity is short and revaccinations are needed.
165The Liver Is Often Enlarged, Mottled With Necroses Of A Various Size And Marginal Infarctions. Usually, Bile-Coloured Mucoid Enteritis Is Observed. The Arsenics As Well As Some Antibiotics Including Tylosin, Tetracycline And Penicillin Are Effective For Treatment Of Infected Birds. The Application Of Vaccines Is Successful, But The Acquired Immunity Is Short And Revaccinations Are Needed.
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GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS


GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS

The gangrenous dermatitis (GD) is a disease affecting fattening and growing birds, characterized with necrotization of different skin areas and a severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissue. The sudden and quick increase in death rates is often the first signal for the incidence of GD. The affected birds die after less than 24 h. The death rate is from 1% to 60%. The lesions are dark red to blue green macerated skin areas, usually featherless, beginning generally from wings and the adjacent areas.The gangrenous dermatitis (GD) is a disease affecting fattening and growing birds, characterized with necrotization of different skin areas and a severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissue. The sudden and quick increase in death rates is often the first signal for the incidence of GD. The affected birds die after less than 24 h. The death rate is from 1% to 60%. The lesions are dark red to blue green macerated skin areas, usually featherless, beginning generally from wings and the adjacent areas.The gangrenous dermatitis (GD) is a disease affecting fattening and growing birds, characterized with necrotization of different skin areas and a severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissue. The sudden and quick increase in death rates is often the first signal for the incidence of GD. The affected birds die after less than 24 h. The death rate is from 1% to 60%. The lesions are dark red to blue green macerated skin areas, usually featherless, beginning generally from wings and the adjacent areas.
148.149.150.The Gangrenous Dermatitis (GD) Is A Disease Affecting Fattening And Growing Birds, Characterized With Necrotization Of Different Skin Areas And A Severe Cellulitis Of The Subcutaneous Tissue. The Sudden And Quick Increase In Death Rates Is Often The First Signal For The Incidence Of GD. The Affected Birds Die After Less Than 24 H. The Death Rate Is From 1% To 60%. The Lesions Are Dark Red To Blue Green Macerated Skin Areas, Usually Featherless, Beginning Generally From Wings And The Adjacent Areas.
 
. Most outbreaks are encountered in broilers at the age of 4 - 8 weeks. The disease is also observed in stock layer hens at the age of 6 - 20 weeks and broiler parents at the age of 20 weeks. The outbreaks are frequently observed in extremely wet and warm premises. The gangrenous dermatitis affects birds while still alive. In more s evere cases, the gangrene could begin and involve the skin of the head, neck and the breast. Affected skin is macerated or totally necrotic, resulting in exposure of underlying tissues in a number of cases.. Most outbreaks are encountered in broilers at the age of 4 - 8 weeks. The disease is also observed in stock layer hens at the age of 6 - 20 weeks and broiler parents at the age of 20 weeks. The outbreaks are frequently observed in extremely wet and warm premises. The gangrenous dermatitis affects birds while still alive. In more s evere cases, the gangrene could begin and involve the skin of the head, neck and the breast. Affected skin is macerated or totally necrotic, resulting in exposure of underlying tissues in a number of cases.. Most outbreaks are encountered in broilers at the age of 4 - 8 weeks. The disease is also observed in stock layer hens at the age of 6 - 20 weeks and broiler parents at the age of 20 weeks. The outbreaks are frequently observed in extremely wet and warm premises. The gangrenous dermatitis affects birds while still alive. In more s evere cases, the gangrene could begin and involve the skin of the head, neck and the breast. Affected skin is macerated or totally necrotic, resulting in exposure of underlying tissues in a number of cases.
151.152.153.. Most Outbreaks Are Encountered In Broilers At The Age Of 4 - 8 Weeks. The Disease Is Also Observed In Stock Layer Hens At The Age Of 6 - 20 Weeks And Broiler Parents At The Age Of 20 Weeks. The Outbreaks Are Frequently Observed In Extremely Wet And Warm Premises. The Gangrenous Dermatitis Affects Birds While Still Alive. In More S Evere Cases, The Gangrene Could Begin And Involve The Skin Of The Head, Neck And The Breast. Affected Skin Is Macerated Or Totally Necrotic, Resulting In Exposure Of Underlying Tissues In A Number Of Cases.
 
The GD agents are CI. septicum, CI. perfringens type A and Staphylococcus aureus, independently or in combination. The associated infection is more severe. The skin lesions are often crepitating and are detected in the regions of breast, abdomen, back or wings in both alive and dead birds.
154.The GD Agents Are CI. Septicum, CI. Perfringens Type A And Staphylococcus Aureus, Independently Or In Combination. The Associated Infection Is More Severe. The Skin Lesions Are Often Crepitating And Are Detected In The Regions Of Breast, Abdomen, Back Or Wings In Both Alive And Dead Birds.
 
Under the affected skin, extensive haemorrhagic oedemas with or without gas (emphysema) are discovered. The Clostridia are encountered in soil, faeces and the intestinal content. Staphylococci usually inhabit the skin and mucous coats of birds.
155.Under The Affected Skin, Extensive Haemorrhagic Oedemas With Or Without Gas (Emphysema) Are Discovered. The Clostridia Are Encountered In Soil, Faeces And The Intestinal Content. Staphylococci Usually Inhabit The Skin And Mucous Coats Of Birds
 
Underlying muscles are haemorrhagically infiltrated and also could contain gas among the muscle fibres. The increased susceptibility of birds to GD is related to immunodeficiency states secondary to CIA, IBD, IBH etc. Other predisposing factors are aflatoxicoses, the unbalanced or deficient diet or poor hygiene. The skin wounds are the entrance door of the infection.
156.Underlying Muscles Are Haemorrhagically Infiltrated And Also Could Contain Gas Among The Muscle Fibres. The Increased Susceptibility Of Birds To GD Is Related To Immunodeficiency States Secondary To CIA, IBD, IBH Etc. Other Predisposing Factors Are Aflatoxicoses, The Unbalanced Or Deficient Diet Or Poor Hygiene. The Skin Wounds Are The Entrance Door Of The Infection.
 
In most cases, no changes in viscera are observed. Rarely, gas bubbles could be found out in the liver. The diagnosis is confirmed by imprint preparations or histological cross sections. The bacterial agent could be isolated from cellulitic zones.
157.In Most Cases, No Changes In Viscera Are Observed. Rarely, Gas Bubbles Could Be Found Out In The Liver. The Diagnosis Is Confirmed By Imprint Preparations Or Histological Cross Sections. The Bacterial Agent Could Be Isolated From Cellulitic Zones.
 
Single or multiple necroses are rarely seen in the liver. Prevention - the factors leading to skin injuries (cannibalism, mechanical traumas etc.) should be minimized. Successful approaches are the immunoprophylaxis programmes in breeder flocks aiming at prevention and reduction of possible immuno¬suppressive states.
158.Single Or Multiple Necroses Are Rarely Seen In The Liver. Prevention - The Factors Leading To Skin Injuries (Cannibalism, Mechanical Traumas Etc.) Should Be Minimized. Successful Approaches Are The Immunoprophylaxis Programmes In Breeder Flocks Aiming At Prevention And Reduction Of Possible Immuno¬Suppressive States.
 
doxyxycline hydrochloride, erythromycin thiocyanate, chlortetracycline and copper sulfate in the water.
159.Microscopic Lesions Are Characterized By Oedema, Emphysema, Hyperaemia, Haemorrhages And Necroses In The Subcutaneous Tissues. GD Could Be Effectively Treated By Tetracyclines: Doxyxycline Hydrochloride, Erythromycin Thiocyanate, Chlortetracycline And Copper Sulfate In The Water.
 
160.
 

 

 

 
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CHOLANGIOHEPATITIS IN BROILER CHICKENS


CHOLANGIOHEPATITIS IN BROILER CHICKENS

Cholangiohepatitis (CAH) in broiler chickens is characterized by inflammatory proliferative and dystrophic necrobiotic alterations in bile ducts and the liver parenchyma. Usually, no clinical signs are observed. The increased daily mortality is insignificant, although in some chickens, a retarded growth and dehydration could be present. Pathoanatomically, the liver is enlarged and with paler yellow colour. In some cases, its surface has a characteristic acinous appearance and in others is mottled with multiple small greyish-white or greenish foci.
125.126.Cholangiohepatitis (CAH) In Broiler Chickens Is Characterized By Inflammatory Proliferative And Dystrophic Necrobiotic Alterations In Bile Ducts And The Liver Parenchyma. Usually, No Clinical Signs Are Observed. The Increased Daily Mortality Is Insignificant, Although In Some Chickens, A Retarded Growth And Dehydration Could Be Present. Pathoanatomically, The Liver Is Enlarged And With Paler Yellow Colour. In Some Cases, Its Surface Has A Characteristic Acinous Appearance And In Others Is Mottled With Multiple Small Greyish-White Or Greenish Foci.
 
The walls of the gall bladder are thickened, sometimes up to 5-6 cm, and opaque. The state is detected in the last phase of the fattening period or in the slaughterhouse. It is possible to observe CHA as an independent disease or associated with necrotic enteritis.
127The Walls Of The Gall Bladder Are Thickened, Sometimes Up To 5-6 Cm, And Opaque. The State Is Detected In The Last Phase Of The Fattening Period Or In The Slaughterhouse. It Is Possible To Observe CHA As An Independent Disease Or Associated With Necrotic Enteritis.
 
A transverse cross section through the thickened gall bladder wall
128A Transverse Cross Section Through The Thickened Gall Bladder Wall
 
Clostridium perfringens is the aetiological agent. CAH is experimentally reproduced in broilers by ligation of bile ducts and inoculation with CI. perfringens. The gall bladder is filled with a thick bile secretion or a dense matter with a creamy colour.
129Clostridium Perfringens Is The Aetiological Agent. CAH Is Experimentally Reproduced In Broilers By Ligation Of Bile Ducts And Inoculation With CI. Perfringens. The Gall Bladder Is Filled With A Thick Bile Secretion Or A Dense Matter With A Creamy Colour.
 
In some chickens, the sub¬cutaneous fat and the body fat have an icteric tint.
130In Some Chickens, The Sub¬Cutaneous Fat And The Body Fat Have An Icteric Tint.
 
Histologically, the liver lesions are detected at a various stage of development. In the majority of cases, proliferative changes in bile ducts are observed. The overgrown bile ducts form granulomatous struc¬tures, surrounded by fine reticular fibres. Centrally, in some granulomas, either initial or advanced degree of necrosis and weak to moderate granulocytic infiltration are observed.
131.Histologically, The Liver Lesions Are Detected At A Various Stage Of Development. In The Majority Of Cases, Proliferative Changes In Bile Ducts Are Observed. The Overgrown Bile Ducts Form Granulomatous Struc¬Tures, Surrounded By Fine Reticular Fibres. Centrally, In Some Granulomas, Either Initial Or Advanced Degree Of Necrosis And Weak To Moderate Granulocytic Infiltration Are Observed.
 
In many bile ducts, a biliary stasis is present and within some, among the stagnated secretion, a huge amount of microorganisms are detected. Pericanalicularly, coagulation necroses are frequently noticed. Among some of these foci, hyalinization of the necrotic masses and single microorganisms are present. Around the necroses, a belt of macrophages, lymphocytes and granulocytes is formed.
132In Many Bile Ducts, A Biliary Stasis Is Present And Within Some, Among The Stagnated Secretion, A Huge Amount Of Microorganisms Are Detected. Pericanalicularly, Coagulation Necroses Are Frequently Noticed. Among Some Of These Foci, Hyalinization Of The Necrotic Masses And Single Microorganisms Are Present. Around The Necroses, A Belt Of Macrophages, Lymphocytes And Granulocytes Is Formed.
 
. Many Gram-positive bacteria are detected among granulomas, in bile ducts' lumen and into the gall bladder, often accompanied by inflammatory lesions. The mucosa of bile ducts and the gall bladder is frequently necrotized and the wall is thickened because of connective tissue growth. The diagnosis is based on the characteristic gross and microscopic lesions. The prevention is similar to that in NE.
133. Many Gram-Positive Bacteria Are Detected Among Granulomas, In Bile Ducts’ Lumen And Into The Gall Bladder, Often Accompanied By Inflammatory Lesions. The Mucosa Of Bile Ducts And The Gall Bladder Is Frequently Necrotized And The Wall Is Thickened Because Of Connective Tissue Growth. The Diagnosis Is Based On The Characteristic Gross And Microscopic Lesions. The Prevention Is Similar To That In NE.
 
Ulcerative enteritis (UE) is characterized by inflammatory ulcerative and necrotic changes in intestinal mucosa and dystrophic necrobiotic lesions of the liver and the spleen. The clinical signs include a general malaise, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea and anaemia. In many instances, the disease begins with a sudden death. Pathoanatomically, deep button¬like ulcers are observed, mainly in caeca and less frequently, in some parts of the small intestine, usually visible through the wall.Ulcerative enteritis (UE) is characterized by inflammatory ulcerative and necrotic changes in intestinal mucosa and dystrophic necrobiotic lesions of the liver and the spleen. The clinical signs include a general malaise, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea and anaemia. In many instances, the disease begins with a sudden death. Pathoanatomically, deep button¬like ulcers are observed, mainly in caeca and less frequently, in some parts of the small intestine, usually visible through the wall.
134. 135.Ulcerative Enteritis (UE) Is Characterized By Inflammatory Ulcerative And Necrotic Changes In Intestinal Mucosa And Dystrophic Necrobiotic Lesions Of The Liver And The Spleen. The Clinical Signs Include A General Malaise, Ruffled Feathers, Diarrhoea And Anaemia. In Many Instances, The Disease Begins With A Sudden Death. Pathoanatomically, Deep Button¬Like Ulcers Are Observed, Mainly In Caeca And Less Frequently, In Some Parts Of The Small Intestine, Usually Visible Through The Wall.
 
UE is a problem in all world regions with extensive poultry breeding. Young birds are infected more frequently although the disease is also common among adult quails. The early lesions appear like yellowish foci with haemorrhagic boundaries that could be seen from both the serous and the mucosal surfaces.UE is a problem in all world regions with extensive poultry breeding. Young birds are infected more frequently although the disease is also common among adult quails. The early lesions appear like yellowish foci with haemorrhagic boundaries that could be seen from both the serous and the mucosal surfaces.
136.137.UE Is A Problem In All World Regions With Extensive Poultry Breeding. Young Birds Are Infected More Frequently Although The Disease Is Also Common Among Adult Quails. The Early Lesions Appear Like Yellowish Foci With Haemorrhagic Boundaries That Could Be Seen From Both The Serous And The Mucosal Surfaces.
 
The aetiological agent is Clostridium colinum, a spore-forming organism, highly resistant to chemical agents and physical alterations. The intestinal content is often mixed with blood.
138.The Aetiological Agent Is Clostridium Colinum, A Spore-Forming Organism, Highly Resistant To Chemical Agents And Physical Alterations. The Intestinal Content Is Often Mixed With Blood.
 
In older and larger ulcers, the haemorrhagic zones tend to disappear. The ulcers could have an irregular round or elongated shape and are covered by large necrotic diphtheritic membranes.
139.In Older And Larger Ulcers, The Haemorrhagic Zones Tend To Disappear. The Ulcers Could Have An Irregular Round Or Elongated Shape And Are Covered By Large Necrotic Diphtheritic Membranes.
 
Frequently, adhesive peritonitis due to inflammatory involvement of adjacent serous coats is observed. Numerous domestic and wild birds (chickens, quails, turkeys, rock partridges, geese, partridges etc.) are susceptible. The chickens and the quails are the most vulnerable between 4 and 12 weeks of age where as turkeys between 3 and 8 weeks of age.
140.Frequently, Adhesive Peritonitis Due To Inflammatory Involvement Of Adjacent Serous Coats Is Observed. Numerous Domestic And Wild Birds (Chickens, Quails, Turkeys, Rock Partridges, Geese, Partridges Etc.) Are Susceptible. The Chickens And The Quails Are The Most Vulnerable Between 4 And 12 Weeks Of Age Where As Turkeys Between 3 And 8 Weeks Of Age.
 
liver, a variety of dystrophic changes and necroses with different size and shape are detected. Necrotic foci in some cases are milliary.
141.Liver, A Variety Of Dystrophic Changes And Necroses With Different Size And Shape Are Detected. Necrotic Foci In Some Cases Are Milliary.
 
Sometimes, liver necroses reach 1 - 2 cm. in diameter and are surrounded by a haemorrhagic zone.
142.Sometimes, Liver Necroses Reach 1 - 2 Cm. In Diameter And Are Surrounded By A Haemorrhagic Zone.
 
In some instances, necrotic foci involve large parts of the liver and are infiltrated by haemorrhages. The aetiolo¬gical agent is distributed with the excreta of acutely ill and recovered birds and persists in soil for many months. The incubation period is 1 - 3 days. The death rate in chickens varies from 2% to 10% and in quails reaches 100%. The outbreaks of UE in chickens are often associated with or come after coccidioses, CIA, IBD or stress conditions.In some instances, necrotic foci involve large parts of the liver and are infiltrated by haemorrhages. The aetiolo¬gical agent is distributed with the excreta of acutely ill and recovered birds and persists in soil for many months. The incubation period is 1 - 3 days. The death rate in chickens varies from 2% to 10% and in quails reaches 100%. The outbreaks of UE in chickens are often associated with or come after coccidioses, CIA, IBD or stress conditions.
143.144.In Some Instances, Necrotic Foci Involve Large Parts Of The Liver And Are Infiltrated By Haemorrhages. The Aetiolo¬Gical Agent Is Distributed With The Excreta Of Acutely Ill And Recovered Birds And Persists In Soil For Many Months. The Incubation Period Is 1 - 3 Days. The Death Rate In Chickens Varies From 2% To 10% And In Quails Reaches 100%. The Outbreaks Of UE In Chickens Are Often Associated With Or Come After Coccidioses, CIA, IBD Or Stress Conditions.
 
. Most commonly, necroses are distinguished on the background of a marked parenchymatous dystrophy, affecting partially or totally (uni- or bilaterally) the liver.
145.. Most Commonly, Necroses Are Distinguished On The Background Of A Marked Parenchymatous Dystrophy, Affecting Partially Or Totally (Uni- Or Bilaterally) The Liver.
 
The spleen could be enlarged, hyperaemic, haemorrhagic and some¬times, with necroses. The diagnosis is based on the typical gross lesions. When needed, imprint preparations are made, a histological study is performed or attempts for isolation and identification of the aetiological agent are made. UE should be differentiated from NE, coccidiosis and histomonosis (typhlo-hepatitis).
146.The Spleen Could Be Enlarged, Hyperaemic, Haemorrhagic And Some¬Times, With Necroses. The Diagnosis Is Based On The Typical Gross Lesions. When Needed, Imprint Preparations Are Made, A Histological Study Is Performed Or Attempts For Isolation And Identification Of The Aetiological Agent Are Made. UE Should Be Differentiated From NE, Coccidiosis And Histomonosis (Typhlo-Hepatitis).
 
some cases, haemorrhages with various intensities are detected in the mucous coat of the gizzard. Prevention -separate housing of the different age groups of birds, avoiding the contact with other avian species. The pre¬medication of forages with some antibiotics and their rotation would prevent the reproduction of CI. colinum. A good effect is achieved with oxytetra-cycline dihydrate (OTC 50% premix). UE could be effectively treated with doxycycline hydrochloride, amoxycillin etc.
147.Some Cases, Haemorrhages With Various Intensities Are Detected In The Mucous Coat Of The Gizzard. Prevention -Separate Housing Of The Different Age Groups Of Birds, Avoiding The Contact With Other Avian Species. The Pre¬Medication Of Forages With Some Antibiotics And Their Rotation Would Prevent The Reproduction Of CI. Colinum. A Good Effect Is Achieved With Oxytetra-Cycline Dihydrate (OTC 50% Premix). UE Could Be Effectively Treated With Doxycycline Hydrochloride, Amoxycillin Etc.
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NECROTIC ENTERITIS


NECROTIC ENTERITIS

. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an acute Clostridium infection characterized by severe necroses of intestinal mucosa. The disease begins suddenly, with a sharp increase in death rate. A strong dehydration is observed. The skin is sticked on or adhered to body musculature and is hardly removed.
113.. Necrotic Enteritis (NE) Is An Acute Clostridium Infection Characterized By Severe Necroses Of Intestinal Mucosa. The Disease Begins Suddenly, With A Sharp Increase In Death Rate. A Strong Dehydration Is Observed. The Skin Is Sticked On Or Adhered To Body Musculature And Is Hardly Removed.
 
Chickens at the age of 25 weeks are usually affected, NE is also encountered in hens particularly near the period of the beginning of egg laying or peak egg laying, most commonly associated with coccidiosis. In acute cases, marked congestion of liver, responsible for its dark red to black appearance, is present.
114.Chickens At The Age Of 25 Weeks Are Usually Affected, NE Is Also Encountered In Hens Particularly Near The Period Of The Beginning Of Egg Laying Or Peak Egg Laying, Most Commonly Associated With Coccidiosis. In Acute Cases, Marked Congestion Of Liver, Responsible For Its Dark Red To Black Appearance, Is Present.
 
The aetiological agent is Clostridium perfringens, mainly from type A and more rarely from type C. The produced a and p toxins, from C. perfringens type A and type C respectively, are responsible for the necrosis of intestinal mucosa. The small intestine is often distended with gases and the necrotic mucosa is visible through the wall.
115.The Aetiological Agent Is Clostridium Perfringens, Mainly From Type A And More Rarely From Type C. The Produced A And P" Toxins, From C. Perfringens Type A And Type C Respectively, Are Responsible For The Necrosis Of Intestinal Mucosa. The Small Intestine Is Often Distended With Gases And The Necrotic Mucosa Is Visible Through The Wall.
 
CI. perfringens is ubiquitous and normally reside into the intestinal tract. The alterations are particularly in the jejunum and the ileum because of their higher pH and the lower oxygen content in these areas. Sometimes, haemorrhages are seen through the intestinal wall.
116.CI. Perfringens Is Ubiquitous And Normally Reside Into The Intestinal Tract. The Alterations Are Particularly In The Jejunum And The Ileum Because Of Their Higher PH And The Lower Oxygen Content In These Areas. Sometimes, Haemorrhages Are Seen Through The Intestinal Wall.
 
The intestinal lumen is filled with brownish watery content, mixed with gas bubbles.
117.The Intestinal Lumen Is Filled With Brownish Watery Content, Mixed With Gas Bubbles.
 
necrotic mucosa acquires a greyish-creamy or greenish appearance. Sometimes the mucosa has a flannelette blanket-like appearance
118.Necrotic Mucosa Acquires A Greyish-Creamy Or Greenish Appearance. Sometimes The Mucosa Has A Flannelette Blanket-Like Appearance.
 
In some cases, the mucosa has a linear pattern similar to the bark of a tree. The predisposing factors are injuries of intestinal mucosa by various Eimeria species, migration of ascarids, immuno¬deficiency states due to CIA, IBD, MD, high content of wheat or fish meal in the diet.In some cases, the mucosa has a linear pattern similar to the bark of a tree. The predisposing factors are injuries of intestinal mucosa by various Eimeria species, migration of ascarids, immuno¬deficiency states due to CIA, IBD, MD, high content of wheat or fish meal in the diet.
119.120.In Some Cases, The Mucosa Has A Linear Pattern Similar To The Bark Of A Tree. The Predisposing Factors Are Injuries Of Intestinal Mucosa By Various Eimeria Species, Migration Of Ascarids, Immuno¬Deficiency States Due To CIA, IBD, MD, High Content Of Wheat Or Fish Meal In The Diet.
 
In cases when NE is associated with small intestinal coccidioses, multiple petechial haemorrhages could be perceived through the wall in different areas along the small intestine.
121In Cases When NE Is Associated With Small Intestinal Coccidioses, Multiple Petechial Haemorrhages Could Be Perceived Through The Wall In Different Areas Along The Small Intestine.
 
Throughout the simultaneous occurrence of NE and cocci¬dioses, the content of the lumen is bloody, mixed with necrotic detritus and gas bubbles. The diagnosis is based on the distinctive gross lesions. When necessary, a histological investigation is performed or attempts for isolation of the causative agent. NE should be distinguished from ulcerative enteritis and some small intestinal cocci¬dioses. The control should be aimed at predisposing factors. An appropriate medication of feeds is recommended. A good effect is obtained with oxytetra-cycline dihydrate (OTC 50% premix). NE could be effectively treated with doxy-cycline hydrochloride, amoxicillin etc.Throughout the simultaneous occurrence of NE and cocci¬dioses, the content of the lumen is bloody, mixed with necrotic detritus and gas bubbles. The diagnosis is based on the distinctive gross lesions. When necessary, a histological investigation is performed or attempts for isolation of the causative agent. NE should be distinguished from ulcerative enteritis and some small intestinal cocci¬dioses. The control should be aimed at predisposing factors. An appropriate medication of feeds is recommended. A good effect is obtained with oxytetra-cycline dihydrate (OTC 50% premix). NE could be effectively treated with doxy-cycline hydrochloride, amoxicillin etc.Throughout the simultaneous occurrence of NE and cocci¬dioses, the content of the lumen is bloody, mixed with necrotic detritus and gas bubbles. The diagnosis is based on the distinctive gross lesions. When necessary, a histological investigation is performed or attempts for isolation of the causative agent. NE should be distinguished from ulcerative enteritis and some small intestinal cocci¬dioses. The control should be aimed at predisposing factors. An appropriate medication of feeds is recommended. A good effect is obtained with oxytetra-cycline dihydrate (OTC 50% premix). NE could be effectively treated with doxy-cycline hydrochloride, amoxicillin etc.
112.123.124.Throughout The Simultaneous Occurrence Of NE And Cocci¬Dioses, The Content Of The Lumen Is Bloody, Mixed With Necrotic Detritus And Gas Bubbles. The Diagnosis Is Based On The Distinctive Gross Lesions. When Necessary, A Histological Investigation Is Performed Or Attempts For Isolation Of The Causative Agent. NE Should Be Distinguished From Ulcerative Enteritis And Some Small Intestinal Cocci¬Dioses. The Control Should Be Aimed At Predisposing Factors. An Appropriate Medication Of Feeds Is Recommended. A Good Effect Is Obtained With Oxytetra-Cycline Dihydrate (OTC 50% Premix). NE Could Be Effectively Treated With Doxy-Cycline Hydrochloride, Amoxicillin Etc.
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